Week 4 — Readings & Resources

Human Anatomy and Physiology I Free sample edition

Your primary reading is Chapter 4 (in this module). Everything below is the optional, go-deeper layer — pick what helps, skip the rest.

How to use this page

This page has 11 items (5 readings and 6 videos). Allow 60–71 minutes for everything. Each group points back to the matching chapter section and class-session segment, so use the full menu when you want more, or take the quick path below.

Every video here has captions: turn them on with the CC button in the player. The chapter covers the same ideas in text.

Pick-one quick path (18–20 min total)

① Following the energy from glucose to ATP

Chapter 4, Section “Start in the cytoplasm: glycolysis” · Session 1, Segment 2, “Glycolysis in the cytoplasm” · Remember: glycolysis splits one glucose into two pyruvate in the cytoplasm for a net 2 ATP, with no oxygen needed.

Cellular Respiration — RicochetScience — a short animation that walks the whole process from glucose to the end of the chain; it counts the step that carries pyruvate into the mitochondrion as a separate stage, so match its stages to the chapter's three before you move on. (video, 3 min) (captions: creator)
ATP & Respiration: Crash Course Biology #7 — CrashCourse — a fast, gym-set episode on ATP as the cell's spending money, then glycolysis, the sprint-friendly backup route without oxygen, the Krebs cycle, and the chain; it quotes the older ATP total, so hold its number as the older estimate the chapter describes. This builds on Week 3's work with the organelles: listen for the mitochondrion doing the job Week 3 gave it. (video, 13 min) (captions: creator)
Glycolysis (and Exploding Sugar Demo!) — BioMan Biology — a classroom-style introduction to respiration and its first stage, with a vivid demo of how much energy sugar holds; pause when it reaches the ATP count and do the chapter's bookkeeping, 4 made minus 2 used. (video, 5 min) (captions: automatic)

② Where oxygen and the most ATP come in

Chapter 4, Section “Finish on the inner membrane: the electron transport chain” · Session 1, Segment 4, “The electron transport chain and oxygen” · Remember: the chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane makes the most ATP, and oxygen is the final electron acceptor that becomes water.

The Electron Transport Chain Explained (Aerobic Respiration) — BioMan Biology — a short explainer on why you need to breathe in oxygen and how the chain on the inner membrane drives most of the cell's ATP; listen for oxygen taking the electrons at the end, and treat any exact ATP total as an estimate. (video, 5 min) (captions: automatic)
Mitochondria – cell powerhouses — Science Learning Hub — a plain-language article on the organelle where most ATP is made, with the ATP-to-ADP picture the chapter calls spending a phosphate; read the opening sections on respiration and ATP, and skip the later parts on free radicals and diet. Use it while working through the Week-4 module overview. (reading, 5–8 min)
Molecule of the Month: ATP Synthase — PDB-101 — a structural-biology feature on the protein machine that turns the flow of hydrogen ions across the mitochondrial membrane into ATP; read the first sections for the big picture of a rotary motor and skip the detailed structure notes. (reading, 6–9 min)

③ Reading a gene into a protein

Chapter 4, Section “Read the code: translation at the ribosome” · Session 2, Segment 7, “Translation at the ribosome” · Remember: transcription writes an mRNA in the nucleus, and translation reads it at the ribosome three bases per codon.

From DNA to protein - 3D — yourgenome — a short 3D animation of a gene copied into mRNA in the nucleus and read at a ribosome while transfer RNAs bring the amino acids; watch it once for the order and once for the places. (video, 3 min) (captions: creator)
Transcription and Translation — Bozeman Science — a board-and-diagram walk from gene to mRNA to protein, ending with a decode that turns DNA into mRNA and then into amino acids; pause before each codon and read it from the standard table the way the chapter does. (video, 12 min) (captions: creator)
How do genes direct the production of proteins? — MedlinePlus Genetics — a short National Library of Medicine page on the two steps of making a protein, transcription in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm, with codons read three bases at a time until a stop codon; it is the clearest one-page summary of the chapter's last three sections. (reading, 3–5 min)
How is DNA turned into protein? The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology — yourgenome — a short article on the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein, with transcription inside the nucleus and translation at the ribosome; read the two-stage explanation, and stop at the exceptions near the end, which go beyond this course. Stop here before tissues; next week takes that up. (reading, 3–5 min)

Optional one-stop reference (free online reference)

Codon — National Human Genome Research Institute Talking Glossary — the course's free glossary of genetic terms, open at the entry on the three-base unit that names one amino acid or a stop; read the short definition and skip the related-term links. (reading, 2–3 min)

Heads-up (links rot): these point to outside sites that occasionally move or rename pages. If a link ever fails, tell your instructor and use the reference above in the meantime.

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