Midterm Practice Exam

Transcription copies a DNA template codon, read 3′ to 5′, that reads CCA. Which mRNA codon, read 5′ to 3′, pairs with it?

Select one.

• GGT
• CCA
• GGU
• CCU

True or false: the hypodermis lies beneath the dermis and is not strictly part of the skin itself.

True or false.

• True
• False

A cell moves several substances across its membrane. Select every movement that is passive, running downhill with no ATP cost.

Select every option that applies.

• Pinocytosis taking in a droplet of fluid
• Water moving toward the side with more solute
• A polar molecule moving downhill through a carrier protein
• The sodium-potassium pump pushing sodium out
• Particles spreading from crowded to sparse regions
• Exocytosis releasing a vesicle's contents

A dried raisin left in a glass of plain water plumps up overnight. In this case of osmosis, what crosses the raisin's cell membranes?

Select one.

• Sugar, moving out into the glass
• Water, moving in toward the sugar
• Sugar and water, trading places
• Proteins, entering through channels

A feedback loop keeps a regulated variable near its target. One part takes in the receptor's report, weighs it against the set point and normal range, and signals for a correction when one is needed. What is that part called?

Select one.

• The receptor
• The control center
• The effector muscle or gland
• The set point

A cell's export proteins leave the rough ER and still need finishing touches and an address label before vesicles carry them away. Which organelle handles that step?

Select one.

• The nucleolus
• The lysosome
• The ribosome
• The Golgi apparatus

An illustrative 600 mOsm/L stock solution is diluted to twice its starting volume. Using C₁V₁ = C₂V₂, what is the new concentration, and how does it read for a model cell holding 300 mOsm/L?

Select one.

• 300 mOsm/L, isotonic to the cell
• 1,200 mOsm/L, hypertonic to the cell
• 300 mOsm/L, hypotonic to the cell
• 150 mOsm/L, hypotonic to the cell

An atom gains a neutron. Which statement about its identity is correct?

Select one.

• It turns into a different element, since its neutron count has changed
• It becomes a new element, since its mass has gone up
• It becomes a new element, since it now carries a charge
• It is still the same element, since its proton count is unchanged

A summary chart ranks the stages of aerobic respiration by how much ATP each yields. Which stage is at the top?

Select one.

• The citric acid cycle, inside the mitochondrial matrix
• Glycolysis, in the cytoplasm
• The electron transport chain, on the inner membrane
• Lactic acid formation, in the cytoplasm

After months of weight training, new bone matrix is laid down where the load is greatest. Which bone cell builds it?

Select one.

• The osteoclast
• The osteoblast
• The osteocyte
• The osteogenic cell

An illustrative temperature log uses a set point of 37.0 °C and a model band of 36.5 to 37.5 °C. A morning entry reads 36.2 °C. How does that entry compare?

Select one.

• 0.8 °C above the set point, and above the band
• 0.3 °C below the set point, and inside the band
• 1.2 °C below the set point, and below the band
• 0.8 °C below the set point, and below the band

Which of these formed by endochondral ossification, with bone replacing a hyaline-cartilage model?

Select one.

• The clavicle
• The humerus
• A flat bone of the face
• Most of the cranial bones

A cell runs glycolysis on 3 glucose molecules. For each glucose the stage spends 2 ATP and makes 4 ATP. What is the net ATP gain across all of them?

Select one.

• 6 ATP
• 12 ATP
• 2 ATP
• 18 ATP

Which of these are jobs of the integumentary system? Select all that apply.

Select every option that applies.

• Contracting to move the bones
• Shielding against microbes and limiting water loss
• Producing blood cells in red marrow
• Beginning vitamin D synthesis under UV light
• Detecting a light touch on the forearm

Over several years of growth, a teenager's humerus gets longer. At which site is the new length added?

Select one.

• At the epiphyseal plate in each metaphysis
• At the midpoint of the diaphysis
• Inside the medullary cavity
• Under the periosteum along the shaft

A gland in the dermis releases watery, slightly salty sweat that cools the body as it evaporates. Which structure is it?

Select one.

• A sebaceous gland
• An apocrine sweat gland
• An eccrine sweat gland
• The arrector pili

The thin lining of an air sac has no blood vessels crossing its basement membrane. How do its cells get their nutrients?

Select one.

• From capillaries threaded between the cells
• From nutrients the sheet stores in its matrix
• From blood pumped across its free surface
• By diffusion from the tissue below

In an illustrative lab, a model cell with an inside of 300 mOsm/L sits in a 200 mOsm/L bath. Reading from the cell's side, what happens?

Select one.

• Hypertonic bath, water moves out, the cell shrinks
• Isotonic bath, no net water movement
• Hypotonic bath, water moves out, the cell shrinks
• Hypotonic bath, water moves in, the cell swells

A lab partner calls bone "dead mineral" because it is hard. Which classification does this course give bone?

Select one.

• Muscle tissue, since bones move
• Nervous tissue, since nerves enter it
• Epithelial tissue lining the marrow
• Living supportive connective tissue

Which of these process-and-location pairs are accurate? Select all that apply.

Select every option that applies.

• Citric acid cycle — the cytoplasm
• Glycolysis — the cytoplasm
• Translation — the nucleus
• Electron transport chain — the inner mitochondrial membrane
• Copying a gene into mRNA — the nucleus

Near each end of a child's long bone sits a growth zone where length is added. Which tissue makes up that zone?

Select one.

• Spongy bone with trabeculae
• Dense regular connective tissue
• Compact bone built from osteons
• Hyaline cartilage

Match the epidermis's main cell to what it makes and what that product does. Which line is correct?

Select one.

• Melanocyte, keratin, toughness and water resistance
• Keratinocyte, keratin, toughness and water resistance
• Keratinocyte, melanin, pigment and a shield from UV light
• Melanocyte, sebum, waterproofing of the hair

A slide from the wall of a hollow organ shows spindle-shaped cells with no striations and one nucleus each. Which tissue is it?

Select one.

• Cardiac muscle, with intercalated discs
• Smooth muscle, which is involuntary
• Skeletal muscle, which is voluntary
• Nervous tissue, which carries signals

Sorting loops by direction, which body process belongs with positive feedback?

Select one.

• Vasoconstriction that holds in heat in a cold room
• Buffers and breathing pulling blood pH back toward normal
• Sweating that cools the skin after a hot climb
• Childbirth, where oxytocin drives contractions that release more oxytocin

In the name simple cuboidal epithelium, what does the word simple tell you?

Select one.

• The sheet is a single layer of cells
• The cells are shaped like cubes
• The tissue is found in one organ only
• The tissue does one job in the body