Midterm Practice Exam

Counted by the concept each record carries, the running case (illustrative) gives 13 domain readings from 8 records, and 5 of those records show a single domain. What accounts for the extra readings?

Select one.

• The other 3 records each show more than one domain, and 2 of them show all three
• Every record is entered twice so that the three domains stay evenly balanced
• The newborn record is tallied twice because a newborn belongs to two periods at once
• Readings from a prenatal visit are added, though the running case holds no prenatal record

During a newborn checkup, a nurse strokes the sole of an illustrative newborn's foot, and the baby's toes fan out. Which newborn reflex does this response show?

Select one.

• The rooting reflex
• The Babinski reflex
• The stepping reflex
• The Moro reflex

True or false: because of the sensitive-period idea, the same teratogen can have different effects depending on when in pregnancy the exposure happens.

True or false.

• True
• False

Notes from an illustrative newborn's first minutes are kept in two columns: what was observed, and what it might show. Which entry belongs in the observed column?

Select one.

• Cries loudly and moves both arms and legs
• The baby is healthy and will develop well
• The baby is calm by nature and will be an easy child
• The strong cry shows the baby is ahead of most newborns

Hands-and-knees crawling has a WHO window of achievement from 5.2 months (the 1st percentile) to 13.5 months (the 99th percentile). How many months wide is the window?

Select one.

• 5.2 months
• 18.7 months
• 8.3 months
• 13.5 months

An educator wants a quick written note about one meaningful moment in a child's day, made shortly after it happens. Which kind of record matches that description?

Select one.

• Event sampling
• A checklist
• An anecdotal record
• A running record

An illustrative newborn's Apgar signs at the first check are heart rate 2, breathing effort 1, muscle tone 2, reflex response 2, and skin color 1. What total score do these signs give?

Select one.

• 8
• 9
• 6
• 7

A neighbor claims that how much a baby weighs at birth depends only on the parents' genes. Which statement fits the way this course treats nature and nurture?

Select one.

• Genes alone set birth weight, and the environment begins to matter only after birth
• Genes and the prenatal environment act together, so both shape birth weight
• The prenatal environment alone sets birth weight, so genes play no part
• Genes and environment compete, and whichever is stronger in the family wins

At a park, an illustrative 13-month-old says "dog", "go", and "bye", one word at a time, and does not yet put words together. Which description fits what the toddler is saying?

Select one.

• Receptive language, because the toddler understands what adults say
• Expressive language: single words, with no two-word combination yet
• Babbling, because each of the words is only one syllable long
• Two-word combinations, because the toddler uses more than one word

An illustrative 5-month-old cries, and caregivers come again and again with feeding and comfort. Which of Erikson's crises, from Childhood and Society (1950), does this pattern of care bear on?

Select one.

• autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• trust vs. mistrust
• initiative vs. guilt
• industry vs. inferiority

The course traces Bowlby's attachment theory, which treats the tie between an infant and a caregiver as an evolved bond offering a secure base, back to one of the theoretical views from its theories week. Which view is it?

Select one.

• ethology, which studies behavior in its evolutionary setting
• behaviorism, which studies only observable responses to rewards
• the ecological model, which maps the settings around a child
• social learning theory, which studies learning by watching others

At a youth soccer practice, a coach gives a high five each time an illustrative 7-year-old passes the ball to a teammate, and the child passes more often at later practices. In operant conditioning, what role did the high five play?

Select one.

• A critical period
• Punishment
• Imprinting
• Reinforcement

The running case (illustrative) looks at one child again and again as the child grows: one record at 11 years and another at 15 years, so 15 − 11 = 4 years pass between those two looks. Which research design does the running case illustrate?

Select one.

• A longitudinal design, since the same child is studied repeatedly over time
• A cross-sectional design, since it compares two different age groups at one time
• An experimental design, since the researcher assigned the child's ages
• A correlational design, since age and behavior change together

Across a school year, an illustrative 9-year-old reads a little faster each month, and at no point does reading speed suddenly leap ahead. Which view of developmental change matches this pattern best?

Select one.

• Discontinuity, since reading speed arrives as a new stage all at once
• A non-normative influence, since reading speed differs between children
• Continuity, since the skill grows gradually, a small amount at a time
• Context-specific change, since reading speed always depends on the school

At an illustrative family dinner, a 20-month-old watches an older cousin pretend to talk on a phone. Two days later, with the cousin gone, the toddler holds a block to one ear and chatters into it. Which concept does this behavior show?

Select one.

• Deferred imitation: an action copied after a delay, with the model absent
• Babbling, because the toddler is practicing the sounds of a language
• Assimilation of the block into a sucking scheme from early infancy
• Object permanence, because the toddler remembers the phone still exists

True or false: a newborn's palmar grasp, closing the fingers around an object pressed into the palm, is present at birth without having to be learned.

True or false.

• True
• False

The WHO Motor Development Study gives each gross motor milestone a window running from the 1st to the 99th percentile. Which window does it give for sitting without support?

Select one.

• 4.8 to 11.4 months
• Exactly 6 months
• 3.8 to 9.2 months
• 6.9 to 16.9 months

Which choice keeps a student inside the course's observation rules (Dataset F) when planning an optional live observation?

Select one.

• Recording a short video of the sandbox play so that every detail can be checked later
• Writing down each child's first name so the notes are easier to follow
• Watching a children's museum play area from a distance and noting roles and ages
• Deciding which toddler at the museum seems advanced or slow for their age

An illustrative baby arrives after 36 completed weeks of pregnancy, weighing 2,600 grams. Under the World Health Organization's definitions, which description applies?

Select one.

• Both preterm and low birth weight
• Neither preterm nor low birth weight
• Preterm, but not low birth weight
• Low birth weight, but not preterm

In a crowded illustrative park, a 13-month-old sees a large dog trot past, freezes, and studies a grandparent's expression before either reaching toward the dog or backing away. Which term names the toddler's glance at the grandparent?

Select one.

• stranger anxiety
• social smiling
• social referencing
• separation anxiety

At a family dinner, an illustrative 18-month-old grabs the spoon, turns away from a parent's offer to help, and insists on feeding themselves. Which of Erikson's crises does this behavior fit best?

Select one.

• Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• Trust vs. mistrust
• Industry vs. inferiority
• Identity vs. role confusion

A classmate asks what this course is about. Which answer matches the field the course says it studies?

Select one.

• Advice telling every family the one correct way to bring up its children at home
• How and why children change from conception through adolescence, in three domains that shape one another
• Change across the whole life, from birth to old age, giving adulthood as much attention as childhood receives
• Screening procedures for deciding whether one particular child is developing too slowly

In an illustrative household, a toddler hears one language from a parent and a different language at the childcare center. A relative fears the toddler will be slow to start talking. Which statement fits what the course teaches?

Select one.

• Hearing two languages slows speech, so the family should drop one of them
• Two languages help only when neither is the language spoken at home
• Count only the words in the toddler's stronger language as the fair measure
• With both languages counted together, early milestones arrive on a typical timeline

Notes from an illustrative library story time are being sorted into two columns. Which of these statements belong in the column headed "What the child did and said"? Select all that apply.

Select every option that applies.

• Claps when the reader turns the page.
• The child was bored by the story.
• Says, "Read it again."
• The child is a shy reader.
• Moves closer to the reader's chair.

The running case's block-area visit (illustrative, the child at 2½ years) is written up twice: once as a running record of three timed lines covering 2 minutes, and once as an anecdotal record. What does the running record keep that the anecdotal version drops?

Select one.

• Only the single moment when the child says "Me do it"
• The child's feelings about the caregiver, written down as if they were facts
• A tally of the child's pushes made at set intervals
• The side-by-side building and the minute-by-minute order of events