Week 8 — Readings & Resources

Your primary reading is Chapter 8 (in this module). Everything below is the optional, go-deeper layer — pick what helps, skip the rest.

How to use this page

This page has 10 items (4 readings and 6 videos). Allow 56–67 minutes for everything. Each group points back to the matching chapter section and class-session segment, so use the full menu for a deeper review, or take the quick path below.

Every video here has captions: turn them on with the CC button in the player. The chapter covers the same ideas in text.

Pick-one quick path (18–20 min total)

• Fact vs. Theory vs. Hypothesis vs. Law… EXPLAINED! — Be Smart
• Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration Comparison — BOGObiology
• Take a Tour of Your Cells’ Organelles! — National Institute of General Medical Sciences

① Theory, hypothesis, and the honest verb

Chapter 8, Section “Run the method: life, variables, and theory” · Session 1, Segment 1, “The process of science” · Remember: a theory is a broad explanation backed by many repeated tests, and one experiment only supports or fails to support a hypothesis.

• Fact vs. Theory vs. Hypothesis vs. Law… EXPLAINED! — Be Smart — a lively explainer on why the everyday word theory means something close to the opposite in science; it also sorts out facts and laws, which this course does not test, so focus on the hypothesis and theory parts. Use it while working through the Week-8 module overview. (video, 7 min) (captions: creator)
• The Scientific Method, Hypothesis, and Theory Explained — David Bird Science — a short explainer that walks through the scientific method and starts on the difference between a hypothesis and a theory; afterward, say the loop in order from observation to conclusion. (video, 3 min) (captions: automatic)

② The tenfold pH step

Chapter 8, Section “Count the steps: bonds, water, and pH” · Session 1, Segment 2, “Chemistry and the pH step” · Remember: count the whole-unit steps first, then raise ten to that power, because the pH scale is not a ruler.

• Ocean acidification — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration — read the opening section on the pH scale, which explains that the scale is logarithmic and that more hydrogen ions mean a lower pH; the rest of the page applies the idea to sea life and goes beyond this course, so treat it as extra. (reading, 5–8 min)

③ The two pathways, in order and in place

Chapter 8, Section “Trace the two pathways: respiration and photosynthesis” · Session 2, Segment 6, “The two energy pathways” · Remember: respiration runs four stages in four places, and photosynthesis runs two stages in two places.

• Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration Comparison — BOGObiology — a side-by-side comparison of the two processes, their inputs and outputs, where each one runs in the cell, and their major steps; its part on how the ATP is generated goes deeper than this course, so as you watch, write each process as an arrow chain with a place beside every stage. (video, 7 min) (captions: creator)
• ATP & Respiration: Crash Course Biology #7 — CrashCourse — a fast, funny walk through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, plus fermentation when oxygen runs short; treat any total it gives for the ATP from one glucose as an estimate, since the chapter teaches that count as a range. (video, 13 min) (captions: creator)
• Cellular Respiration Hub — HHMI BioInteractive — an interactive diagram of the whole process; click through glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain in order and note where each one runs, and skip the zoomed-in reaction details, which go deeper than this course. (reading, 10–15 min)

④ The order-and-location habit

Chapter 8, Section “Build the order-and-location habit: stages, places, and one protein” · Session 2, Segment 7, “The order-and-location habit” · Remember: for any process, say the stages in order first, then name the place each one runs.

• Take a Tour of Your Cells’ Organelles! — National Institute of General Medical Sciences — an illustrated, shrink-yourself-down tour of the nucleus, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and other organelles; this builds on Week 4's organelle tour, so as you read, put the stops a protein makes on its way out of the cell in order. (reading, 4–6 min)
• The Endomembrane System — RicochetScience — a brief animation of the nuclear membrane, the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus; pause at each structure and name its place and its job before the narrator does. (video, 3 min) (captions: creator)
• The Endomembrane System- Moving Proteins inside a Cell — MooMooMath and Science — a quick review of how ribosomes on the rough ER build proteins, the ER folds them, and small sacs carry them on toward the Golgi apparatus; stop here before cell division, since next week takes that up. (video, 3 min) (captions: automatic)

Optional one-stop reference (free online reference)

• Golgi Body — National Human Genome Research Institute Talking Glossary — the course's free glossary of genetic terms, open at its entry for the Golgi apparatus; read the definition and the short narration, which follows a protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi and out, and skip the related-term links. (reading, 1–2 min)

Heads-up (links rot): these point to outside sites that occasionally move or rename pages. If a link ever fails, tell your instructor and use the reference above in the meantime.

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