Week 13 Quiz

A shopper watches a cashier snap at a customer and decides, "That cashier is a rude person," without knowing the cashier is near the end of a double shift with no break. What does the shopper's judgment show?

Select one.

• The fundamental attribution error: another person's behavior is blamed on character while the situation is underweighted
• The self-serving bias: the shopper protects their own image by pointing to the long shift, the busy store, and the rush of customers
• Cognitive dissonance: the shopper changes an attitude to fit an action
• Informational social influence: the shopper copies what other customers seem to believe

After his pickup team wins, Rafael says, "I played great." After the next game, a loss, he says, "The referee blew every call." Which idea best describes his two explanations?

Select one.

• The fundamental attribution error, because he blames the referee's character and personality for every call that went against his team
• Group polarization, because his views grow more extreme with each game
• The self-serving bias, because he credits himself for the win and the situation for the loss
• Deindividuation, because he loses self-awareness during the games

In Festinger and Carlsmith (1959), students were paid either $1 or $20 to tell the next person that a dull task was interesting. Which result did the study find, and why?

Select one.

• The students paid the larger amount later liked the task more, because a larger reward produces more liking
• The students paid the smaller amount later liked the task more, because with little outside reason for the fib they changed their attitude
• Both groups liked the task equally, because any fib produces the same amount of dissonance
• The students paid the smaller amount later liked the task less, because they felt underpaid and resented being asked to tell a fib for so little money

A library volunteer group first asks residents to sign a one-line card supporting longer weekend hours. A month later it asks the same residents to volunteer for a Saturday shift, and many who signed agree. Which idea does this illustrate?

Select one.

• The peripheral route to persuasion
• Social facilitation
• Normative social influence
• The foot-in-the-door phenomenon

In Asch's line-judgment studies (1951), each participant made 18 judgments. On how many of them did every confederate give the same wrong answer?

Select one.

• 6 of the 18 trials
• 12 of the 18 trials
• All 18 of the 18 trials
• 3 of the 18 trials

In Milgram's 1963 baseline study, 26 of 40 participants continued to the 450-volt switch. What percentage of participants is this?

Select one.

• 65%
• 26%
• 35%
• 40%

When Milgram changed the situation, obedience fell; for example, it was far lower when two peers refused first. What is the main lesson of his obedience studies?

Select one.

• A small group of unusually cruel people will obey almost any order, while nearly everyone else refuses as soon as asked
• Obedience is a fixed personality trait that a test could measure in advance
• People obey only when they are paid well enough to do so
• Situations can lead ordinary people to obey authority, and changing the situation changes how many obey

Five students hand in one combined project, and only the finished product is evaluated. Two of them put in much less effort than they would on a solo project, because no one can tell who did what. Which group effect is this?

Select one.

• Groupthink
• Group polarization
• Social loafing
• Social facilitation

In Darley and Latané's intercom study (1968), 85% of participants reported an apparent seizure when they believed they were the only listener, 62% with one other listener, and 31% with four other listeners. Which idea best explains this pattern?

Select one.

• Diffusion of responsibility: the more listeners, the less responsible each one felt
• Deindividuation: listeners lost their self-awareness and sense of accountability in what felt like a large, anonymous crowd
• Group polarization: discussion pushed the listeners toward not helping
• Social facilitation: other listeners made the simple task of reporting easier

A store manager believes people from one neighborhood are unreliable, dislikes them before meeting them, and turns away their job applications unread. Which term names the act of turning away the applications?

Select one.

• Stereotype
• Prejudice
• Discrimination
• Out-group homogeneity

In Darley and Latané's study (1968), the researchers changed how many other listeners participants believed were present and recorded whether each participant reported the emergency. Which choice correctly names the variables?

Select one.

• IV: whether the participant reported; DV: the number of other listeners
• IV: the number of other listeners; DV: whether the participant reported the emergency
• There is no IV or DV, because the study only recorded what people did, which makes it a correlational study
• IV: the apparent seizure; DV: the number of other listeners

Darley and Latané (1968) manipulated the number of other listeners and found that reporting fell from 85% to 31%. Which conclusion does this design support?

Select one.

• Only an association, because any study with percentages is correlational
• More listeners caused more helping, because more people could act
• People who rarely help tend to choose larger groups, so the direction of the effect is unclear and no cause can be named
• More listeners caused less helping, because the number of listeners was manipulated in an experiment